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'New Kashmir' - the English text in full

10/26/2019

2 Comments

 
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Here is the full text of Sheikh Abdullah's historic New Kashmir document of 1944 - which is manifesto, draft constitution, economic plan and charters of rights rolled into one. It's made available here as a help to researchers, activists and indeed anyone who is curious.
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This is perhaps the most important political document in Kashmir's modern history - drafted by communists allied to Sheikh Abdullah's National Conference, and by any standards a radical and remarkable political statement. The detailed story of the compiling of the manifesto has been set down in an article by Andrew Whitehead - here's the link.

At the top of this page is the cover of the English version of New Kashmir, with its striking image of a politically assertive Kashmiri woman. I suspect the English version is the original and the Urdu text - the cover of which is also posted - is the translation. But it may well be that the version posted here, the only English text I have come across, was published some time after it was adopted by the National Conference in 1944.

The text below isn't searchable but it is legible and complete - and it's quite something!
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The iconography of 'New Kashmir'

2/3/2016

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The forty-four page New Kashmir manifesto adopted by Sheikh Abdullah's National Conference in 1944 has been described by the political scientist Sumantra Bose as 'the most important political document in modern Kashmir's history'. It was a radical document - indeed Abdullah described it as a 'revolutionary document' - in the form of a draft constitution for (then princely-ruled) Jammu and Kashmir ... drafted by communists and based largely on the Soviet constitution.

The content is remarkable - but let's focus for the moment on the cover design of New Kashmir when issued in English as a booklet. It's not dated, but is certainly from the 1940s - and probably the mid-1940s. The design is striking - the colour, the lettering, the image, all suggest a radical and progressive approach to politics. It is not a staid, old-fashioned type of political manifesto.

It's noteworthy that a woman was chosen as the sole person to appear in the design. She is not drawn with any great distinction. Her head is covered, and she appears to be wearing a pheran, the cloak-style garment which is a hallmark of Kashmiri dress. She is wielding the National Conference flag adopted a few years earlier - a white plough on a red background. As the British communist Rajani Palme Dutt once commented, it has more than a passing similarity to the traditional communist 'hammer and sickle' flag (the one below is the emblem of a small Indian far left party). 
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In terms of derivation, the New Kashmir cover design carries an echo of Marianne, the symbol of the French Republican tradition.
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Her most famous representation is in
​Eugene Delacroix's renowned 1830 painting, 'Liberty Leading the People'. You can see the similarities between the two images of flag-wielding women. Did the designer of the New Kashmir cover have Marianne in mind?  

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    Resources

    For those interested in Kashmir's history, here are some resources which will be of interest and value ... and please offer documents, images, photographs.

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